1. In the upper Midwest, conventional systems are simple pit or pond storage structures, not fitting the technical standard of "anaerobic lagoon." What are the attenuation rates for those structures? Published: January 08, 2008
2. Should we be concerned about E. coli O157:H7 in manure compost? Published: January 08, 2008
3. How do I identify the source of bacteria (livestock, wildlife, septic system) found in my well? If I believe that the source is a farm's livestock, how can I document this? Published: January 08, 2008
4. Is there a correlation between ambient temperature and risk to pathogen exposure in manure application? Published: January 08, 2008
5. It was reported in the E. coli O157:H7 spinach contamination in California that the E. coli was actually taken up through the roots of spinach plants and sequestered in the leaves. Is this possible, and, if so, is there research that other crops may take up E. coli or other zoonotic organisms as well? If it does occur, is there any way to disinfect the spinach without cooking? Published: January 08, 2008
6. Biosolids (sewage sludge) regulations include pathogen reduction-elimination technology requirements (for example, composting). Please recommend pathogen elimination or reduction technologies for animal manure (especially manure from CAFOs) as a regulatory requirement. Would that significantly reduce or eliminate the threat from manure-borne pathogens? Published: January 08, 2008
7. What natural conditions will limit pathogen fate and transport? Published: January 08, 2008
8. Can pathogens enter the groundwater via normal land application of manure? Via manure storage? Published: January 08, 2008
9. If pathogens are found in a watershed, are livestock likely to be the only or primary cause of those pathogens? Published: January 08, 2008
10. By what factor does composting manure reduce the pathogens present? Published: January 08, 2008
11. What software tools are available for developing a CNMP or NMP? Published: January 08, 2008
12. How far (feet/mile) downstream are pathogens detected in a stream from where they enter the stream? Once pathogens enter a stream, do they remain viable for long distances? Published: January 08, 2008
13. What is the relationship between odor and possible pathogens? Can people get sick if they are downwind from wastewater irrigation sites? Published: January 08, 2008
14. What are the health effect from trucks hauling poultry litter, specifically from the dust and material coming off the trucks? Also, are there health effects or risks associated with the odors/odorants from poultry litter? Published: January 08, 2008
15. What's the P Index? Published: January 08, 2008
16. I've been hearing a lot about phosphorus runoff from manured fields. Why is this important? Published: January 08, 2008
17. What is the longevity of pathogens once they enter a surface water? Published: January 08, 2008
18. How do I identify the source of bacteria (livestock, wildlife, septic system) found in my well? If I believe the source is a farm's livestock, how can I document this? Published: January 08, 2008
19. How does nitrogen get from manure into groundwater? Published: January 08, 2008
20. Why do states use different nutrient availability numbers for calculating the fertilizer value of manure? Published: January 08, 2008
21. What do I need to know about various manure application methods with respect to the amount of nutrients that are available to the crop? Published: January 08, 2008
22. What livestock pathogens are most likely found in surface waters that are of concern to humans? At what level do they become a risk to humans? Published: January 08, 2008
23. Regarding pathogen contribution to watersheds from confined feeding operations, is E. coli the best pathogen to measure to determine contamination of a watershed from livestock manure? Published: January 08, 2008
24. How do I know if I am the cause of a pathogen problem? What do I monitor? How do I know if I have solved my pathogen problem? Published: January 08, 2008
25. Is there a meaningful method to analyze surface water samples for Cryptosporidium and Giardia? Published: January 08, 2008
26. In general, what is an appropriate manure storage for a small farm? Published: January 08, 2008
27. What best management practices (BMPs) are effective for minimizing pathogen transport from manure land application sites to surface and groundwater? Published: January 08, 2008
28. My state is considering best management practices (BMPs) to minimize air emissions. One BMP being considered is to apply manure only in cool, even wet, weather and even irrigate after application. Wouldn't this type of activity increase the risk of pathogen exposure to humans and be contrary to the BMPs for pathogen control? Published: January 08, 2008
29. How many cases have been documented involving human sickness related to pathogen contamination of surface water from agricultural livestock sources? Published: January 08, 2008
30. How do you calibrate a manure spreader? Published: January 08, 2008

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