The stand establishment period generally encounters more hazards than any other phase of cotton production. Cool temperatures, excessive moisture, hard, packing rains, wind and sand abrasion, hail and environmentally induced disease outbreaks are among the hazards that impact germination, emergence and seedling survival (Figure 1). Stand reductions due to these occurrences are usually beyond the control of the cotton producer, but force unwanted and difficult decisions on whether to replant damaged fields.
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