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Types of Solid Manure Application Equipment
Manure is generally handled as a solid at a solids content of 20% or more. Solid manure application equipment (commonly referred to as spreaders) come in various types. Spinner spreaders use spinning disks at the rear of the unit to propel the manure, box spreaders use a paddle and/or auger to discharge manure from the rear of the unit, and side discharge spreaders typically use augers and flailing hammers to “throw” the manure out the side of the unit. Spinner spreaders are used to apply poultry litter and are widely used as commercial fertilizer applicators. Side discharge units can handle materials with a wide range of moisture contents. Rear discharge spreaders are commonly used with scraped manure solids from open lots and manures with significant bedding.
Factors That Can Impact Application Rates and Uniformity
Solid spreaders can have poor uniformity if operated improperly, so proper operation and calibration of these types of systems are critical. Factors that can affect spreader application rates and uniformity include:
- Tractor speed
- Gate opening (and spinner settings for spinner spreaders)
- RPM
- Width of spread
- Manure characteristics
- Wind
- Slope
- Operator (experience and consistency)
It is helpful to know the capacity and setting ranges available with solid spreaders. Solid spreader capacity is noted in the manufacturer’s specifications and may be listed in gallons, cubic feet or cubic yards. Capacity is normally listed in struck level (flush with top of unit) height but may also be rated in “heaped” load.
Procedure for Calibrating Solid Manure Application Equipment
Normally calibration of solid spreaders will involve collecting the discharged manure in a tarp to determine application rate and collecting manure in a series of pans laid across the travel path to assess spread pattern, uniformity and to adjust pass width. Click on the following link for an illustration of the procedure for this method. Manure density is normally determined to allow conversion from volume to weight (e.g. tons) applied. If manure spreader capacity can be weighed, then the only field measurements required are distance traveled to empty the spreader and width of spread pattern (or distance you move laterally with each pass through the field). From that information, a fairly simple estimate of application rate can be made.
Moisture content of manure has a large impact on manure density and actual spreader capacity. When calibrating, it is important to correctly interpret the nutrient analysis reports provided by the analytical lab. Some analyses report manure nutrient concentration at the moisture content submitted. Other analysis reports may give the nutrient analysis at a moisture content that is different than either the sampled material or the material to be applied. For accurate calibration, match moisture content of manure samples with moisture content of the manure being spread.
Adjustments to achieve the proper application rate and uniformity include adjusting travel speed, gate openings and hammer clearance, and adjusting spinners for spinner spreaders. Narrowing the effective width (pass distance) generally increases application uniformity but also increases application rate.
Video
Watch this 5 minutes video from the University of Wisconsin showing calibration using a rear-discharge box spreader. As mentioned above tractor speed, gate adjustments and others will alter application rates. Those should also be recorded and the spreader re-calibrated if adjustments are made.
Worksheet referenced in the video Know How Much You Haul
Recommended Educational Resources
- Procedure for calibrating a manure spreader with known capacity
- Procedure for calibrating a manure spreader of unknown capacity
- Lesson 36 Calibrating Manure Application Equipment from the Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship (LPES) Curriculum offers an overview of the different equipment used to land apply animal manure, including solids spreaders.
- Calibration and Uniformity of Solid Manure Spreaders, by Iowa State University Extension shows the relationship between swath width and application rate and uniformity for rear and side discharge spreaders, and gives calibration guidance.
- Field Calibration Procedures for Semi-Solid Animal Waste Application Equipment – Weight-Area Method, North Carolina Cooperative Extension gives guidance on effective swath width determination as well as application rate calibration and includes a field sheet for recording data.
- The publication Manure Spreader Calibration from University of Vermont Extension has guidance on calculating manure spreader capacity and how to interpret “struck” and “heaped” loads.
Author: Garry Grabow, North Carolina State University
Reviewers: Marsha Mathews, University of California-Davis, Rick Koelsch, University of Nebraska, Doug Beegle, Pennsylvania State University
