You are describing soil aphids. They can become a problem on members of the cabbage family and result in stunting, poor growth, low quality, and poor yields of infested plants. This problem is relatively unpredictable and, consequently, control measures are generally not recommended. However, applications of recommended soil insecticides generally give satisfactory control of soil aphids. Apply these products when the ground is being prepared and before seeding or transplanting. Contact your local Extension office for soil insecticide recommendations.