MM.111: This rootstock, sometimes termed semidwarfing, other times semistandard, produces a tree about 80 percent the height of a standard tree. In many areas of Minnesota, this can work out to roughly a 14-foot tree. MM.111 is an extremely hardy, well-anchored rootstock that can withstand drier soil conditions. An excellent choice especially for northern or western parts of the state of Minnesota. M.7a (EMLA 7) - This semidwarfing rootstock produces a tree 10 to 12 feet in height. Trees planted on M.7a generally do not require staking, except on windy sites. M.7a would seem to be a good compromise between the standard and truly dwarfing rootstocks; however, it is unfortunately the least hardy of the lot and has a tendency to sucker profusely. There are better choices. As for other rootstocks used in Minnesota: M.26 (EMLA 26) - This dwarfing rootstock produces a tree 8 to 10 feet in height. Trees planted on M.26 generally require staking for the first few years of growth, or on windy sites, staking is needed for the life of the tree. M.26 is reliably hardy, does not sucker as much as M.7a, but is especially susceptible to fire blight, a disease that can shorten the life of the tree if not carefully managed. Fruit is produced very early in the tree's life, within two to three years from planting. M.9 (EMLA 9) - Producing a tree 6 to 8 feet tall, this rootstock requires staking for the life of the tree. Fruit is produced within two to three years. Although hardier than M.7a, this rootstock is as prone to suckering as its larger cousin and is as susceptible to fireblight as M26. Bud.9 - Short for Budagovsky 9, this rootstock from the former Soviet Union holds promise for use in the upper Midwest. Trees grafted to Bud.9 grow to 6 to 8 feet tall, produce fruit early, and generate few suckers. Hardiness thus far has been excellent, although further testing is needed. Trees on Bud.9 require staking for the life of the tree. You may find apple trees available on other hardy rootstocks as well, including Antonovka (100 percent standard size) and the "Polish series" of rootstocks, including P. 2 (35 to 40 s.s.) and P. 22 (25 to 30 percent s.s.). No matter which scion/rootstock combination you choose, knowing which rootstock you have and understanding its characteristics will improve your odds of enjoying a productive, healthy, well-placed tree for years to come. Here is a Web site from Cornell University that talks about the various rootstocks, where they originate, and the other details you are asking for: Apple Rootstocks This information is specific for Minnesota and may not apply to your local conditions. For more information on this topic, choose a related topic link above, submit a questions through Ask an Expert, or contact your local Extension office.

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