Crossbreeding offers many advantages to the commercial producer. Crossbred cows are typically more productive, have greater fertility, and produce heavier calves than purebred cows. In addition, traits like longevity and adaptability are enhanced in a well-planned crossbreeding program. Data from the USDA-ARS Meat Animal Research Center (MARC) in Clay Center, Nebraska, indicate that crossbred cows are 25 percent more productive than purebred cows. About two-thirds of that advantage comes from the crossbred cow, while one-third comes from the crossbred calf.
Heterosis or hybrid vigor is the term used to describe the increase in productivity when comparing crossbred offspring to purebred parents. Traits that benefit the greatest from heterosis are fertility, adaptability, and longevity.
Taking advantage of complementary traits in different breeds is another advantage of crossbreeding programs. A well-designed crossbreeding program will allow a combination of traits in the offspring that are superior to the parents. In the data from MARC, crossbred (Hereford-Angus) cows were moderate in frame size, milk production, and growth rate, making them well suited for a variety of production systems across the country. Other breed combinations may be better suited for specific climates in other regions.
Many commercial producers have become disenchanted with crossbreeding over the years. However, crossbreeding systems do not need to be complex to accomplish the desired objectives. A simple two breed rotational cross or a terminal sire program in which crossbred replacement females are purchased can simplify the systems and reduce the number of breeding pastures needed. A two breed rotational cross will offer 67 percent of the maximum heterosis possible, while the terminal sire system will offer 100 percent of the maximum heterosis possible.
