Usually, dissolved oxygen is the first and most critical limiting factor. Then it depends upon other water-quality parameters what the next limiting factor is. In poorly buffered and slightly acidic waters where pure oxygen is not added and carbon dioxide removed, the next limiting factors after dissolved oxygen are solids and nitrogenous wastes excreted by the fish. In flow-through systems with poorly buffered and slightly acid water where pure oxygen is added, the next limiting factor is dissolved carbon dioxide. In systems where the pH is greater than 7.5 and total alkalinity as CaCO3 is greater than 60 mg/L, then the next limiting factor is un-ionized ammonia.
