Bibliography and Print Resources

Polar bear, Ursus maritimus

Amstrup, S. E. 1986. Research on polar bears in Alaska, 1983-1985. Proc. Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group. 9:85-108.

Arco Alaska, Inc. 1990. Fireweed No. 1 exploratory well. Polar Bear/Personnel Encounter and Monitoring Plans. 16 pp.

Banfield, A. W. F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto. 438 pp.

Bromley, M. 1985. Safety in bear country: a reference manual. Northwest Territ. Dep. Renew. Resour., Yellowknife. 120 pp.

Bromley, M., ed. 1989. Bear-people conflicts. Proc. Symp. Manage. Strategies Northwest Territ. Dep. Renew. Resour., Yellowknife. 246 pp.

Calvert, W., I. Stirling, M. Taylor, L. J. Lee, G. B. Kolenosky, S. Kearney, M. Crete, B. Smith, and S. Luttich. 1991. Polar bear management in Canada 1985-87. Rep. to the IUCN Polar Bear Specialist Group. Proc. IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialists Group. IUCN Report No. 7:1-10.

Clarkson, P. L. 1986a. Safety in bear country instructors’ guide. Northwest Territ. Dep. Renew. Resour., Yellowknife. 32 pp.

Clarkson, P. L. 1986b. Eureka and Mould Bay weather stations problem bear site evaluation and recommendation. Northwest Territ. Dep. Renew. Resour., Yellowknife. 42 pp.

Clarkson, P. L. 1989. The twelve-gauge shotgun: a bear deterrent and protection weapon. Pages 55-59 in M. Bromley, ed. Bear-people conflicts. Proc. Sym. Manage. Strategies. Northwest Territ. Dep. Renew. Resour., Yellowknife.

Clarkson, P. L., and P. Gray. 1989. Presenting safety in bear country information to industry and the public. Pages 203-207 in M. Bromley, ed. Bear-people conflicts. Proc. Sym. Manage. Strategies. Northwest Territ. Dep. Renew. Resour., Yellowknife.

Clarkson, P. L., P. A. Gray, J. E. McComiskey, L. R. Quaife, and J. G. Ward. 1986a. Managing bear problems in northern development areas. Northern Hydrocarbon Development Environment Problem Solving. Proc. Ann. Meeting Int. Soc. Petroleum Ind. Biol. 10:47-56.

Clarkson, P. L., G. E. Henderson, and P. Kraft. 1986b. Problem bear site operation plans. Northwest Territ. Dep. Renew. Resour., Yellowknife. 12 pp.

Clarkson, P. L., and L. Sutterlin. 1983.

Bear essentials: a source book and guide to planning bear education programmes. Faculty Environ. Design, Univ. Calgary. 69 pp.

Davis, J. C., and R. F. Rockwell. 1986. An electric fence to deter polar bears. Wild. Soc. Bull. 14:406-409.

DeMaster, D. P., and I. Stirling. 1981. Ursus maritimus. Mammal. Species 145:1-7.

Fleck, S., and S. Herrero. 1988. Polar bear conflicts with humans. Contract Rep. No. 3. Northwest Territ. Dep. Renew. Resour., Yellowknife. 155 pp.

Graf, L. H., P. L. Clarkson, and J. A. Wagy. 1992. Safety in bear country: a reference manual, rev. ed. Northwest Territ. Dep. Renew. Resour., Yellowknife. 135 pp.

Gray, P. A., and M. Sutherland. 1989. A review of detection systems. Pages 61-67 in M. Bromley, ed. Bear-people conflicts. Proc. Symp. Manage. Strategies. Northwest Territ. Dep. Renew. Resour., Yellowknife.

Hunt, C. L. 1984. Behavioral responses of bears to tests of repellents, deterrents, and aversive conditioning. M.S. Thesis. Montana State Univ., Bozeman. 136 pp.

Hygnstrom, S. E. 1994. Black bears. in S.E. Hygnstrom, R. M. Timm and G. E. Larson, eds. Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage. Coop. Ext., Univ. Nebraska, Lincoln.

Lewis, R. W., and J. A. Lentfer. 1967. The vitamin A content of polar bear liver: range and variability. Compar. Biochem. Physiol. 22:923-926.

Lunn, N. J., and I. Stirling. 1985. The significance of supplemental food to polar bears during the ice-free period of Hudson Bay. Can. J. Zool. 63:2291-2297.

Meehan, W. R., and J. F. Thilenius. 1983. Safety in bear country: protective measures and bullet performance at short range. US Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Gen. Rep PNW-152. 16 pp.

Rodahl, K. 1949. Toxicity of polar bear liver. Nature 164:530.

Ramsay, M. A., and I. Stirling. 1988. Reproductive biology and ecology of female polar bears Ursus maritimus. J. Zool. London. 214:601-634.

Schliebe, S. 1991. Polar bear management in Alaska. Report to the IUCN Polar Bear Specialist Group. Proc. IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialists Group. IUCN Rept. No. 7:62-69.

Schweinsburg, R. E., L. J. Lee, and P. B. Latour. 1982. Distribution, movement, and abundance of polar bears in Lancaster Sound, Northwest Territories. Arctic 35:159-169.

Stenhouse, G. B, L. J. Lee, and K. G. Poole. 1988. Some characteristics of polar bears killed during conflicts with humans in the Northwest Territories. Arctic 41:275-378.

Stirling, I. 1975. Summary of a fatality involving a polar bear attack in the Mackenzie Delta, January 1975. Can. Wildl. Serv. Polar Bear Proj. Spec. Rep. 89. 2 pp.

Stirling, I. 1988a. Polar bears. Univ. Michigan Press., Ann Arbor. 220 pp.

Stirling, I. 1988b. Attraction of polar bears Ursus maritimus to offshore drilling sites in the eastern Beaufort Sea. Polar Record 24(148):1-8.

Stirling, I., and A. E. Derocher. 1990. Factors affecting the evolution and behavioral ecology of the modern bears. Int.. Conf. Bear Res. Manage. 8:189-204.

Stirling, I., and M. A. Ramsay. 1986. Polar bears in Hudson Bay and Foxe Basin: present knowledge and research opportunities. Pages 341-354 in I. P.

Martini, ed. Canadian Inland Seas. Elsevier Sci. Publ., Amsterdam. 494 pp.

Stirling, I., D. Andriashek, and W. Calvert. 1993. Habitat preferences of polar bears in the western Canadian Arctic in late winter and spring. Polar Record 29:13-24.

Stirling, I., C. Spencer, and D. Andriashek. 1989. Immobilization of polar bears Ursus maritimus with Telazol in the Canadian Arctic. J. Wildl. Diseases. 25:159-168.

Struzik, E. 1987. Nanook: in the tracks of the great wanderer. Equinox Jan.-Feb. 1987. pp. 18-32.

Urquhart, D. R., and R. E. Schweinsburg. 1984. Polar bear: life history and known distribution of the polar bear in the Northwest Territories up to 1981. Northwest Territ., Dep. Renew. Resour., Yellowknife. 69 pp.

Uspenskii, S. M. 1977. The polar bear. Nauka, Moscow, 107 pp. (English trans. by Canadian Wildl. Serv., 1978).

Images and Illustrations

Figure 1 drawn by Clint Chapman, University of Nebraska.

Figure 2 was adapted from Sterling (1988) by Dave Thornhill, University of Nebraska.

Figures 3 and 4 are from Clarkson (1989).

Contact Information

• Locate your local Cooperative Extension

• Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management

This website is based on the handbook for PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF WILDLIFE DAMAGE. Please visit our website to find out more information about this invaluable resource and to find out how you can participate in the Wildlife Damage Management community.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the following for their continued support of our research on bears in general, and polar bears in particular: the Northwest Territories Department of Renewable Resources, the Canadian Wildlife Service, Polar Continental Shelf Project, Manitoba Department of Natural Resources, World Wildlife Fund (Canada), Northern Oil and Gas Assessment Program, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. All people, organizations, government departments, and industry previously involved in the Northwest Territories’ “Safety in Bear Country Program” are thanked for their past concern and support.

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